{"id":107146,"date":"2022-04-18T19:10:30","date_gmt":"2022-04-19T02:10:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/?p=107146"},"modified":"2022-04-18T19:10:32","modified_gmt":"2022-04-19T02:10:32","slug":"how-to-write-a-hypothesis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/how-to-write-a-hypothesis\/","title":{"rendered":"How to Write a Hypothesis: Tips, Guidelines, and Hypothesis Examples"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>In any industry, the ability to use observations and create a compelling hypothesis to solve a problem through research is very valuable. Scientists, data analysts, and medical professionals should all learn how to write a hypothesis to guide their research. A good hypothesis is a key part of using <a href=\"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/research-methods\/\">research methods<\/a> that lead to impactful research.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In this guide, we\u2019ll define a hypothesis and the elements that make a complete hypothesis. We\u2019ll also cover a couple of hypothesis examples and answer questions about creating a hypothesis. By the time you are done reading this article, you\u2019ll know how to write a hypothesis that is perfect for any research project or empirical research paper.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-is-a-hypothesis\">What Is a Hypothesis?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>A hypothesis is a testable statement used in research, and researchers use the hypothesis to design an experiment that will give results that support or do not support the hypothesis. People make causal hypotheses all the time when solving problems. For example, if you have an assumption that if you restart your computer it will fix the problem you\u2019re having with a program, that statement is testable, because you can restart your computer and see if it fixes the problem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-are-the-elements-of-a-hypothesis\">What Are the Elements of a Hypothesis?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Statement of the research question. <\/strong>A hypothesis is the research question rewritten as a testable statement. You have to include the goal of the research, the variables, the relationship between variables, and a testable prediction. Without a clear research question, you could end up performing endless, aimless research studies.<\/li><li><strong>Independent variable. <\/strong>The independent variable is the part of the experiment where you change something. If you are wondering whether different types of motor oil change your car\u2019s mileage, motor oil is the independent variable. This is usually based on an idea that you came up with to solve a problem.<\/li><li><strong>Dependent variable. <\/strong>The dependent variable is the part of the experiment where you measure the outcome and collect data. In the above example about motor oil, the dependent variable is the car\u2019s mileage because that is what you are measuring.<\/li><li><strong>Predicted relationship between the independent and dependent variable. <\/strong>The goal of your hypothesis is to make an educated guess of what impact the independent variable has on the dependent variable. You can hypothesize that different kinds of motor oil will have no effect on a car\u2019s mileage, or that one kind of motor oil will increase the car\u2019s mileage. This is also the declarative statement.<\/li><li><strong>Testability. <\/strong>You have to be able to test your hypothesis through experimentation. A hypothesis like, \u201cUnicorns prefer to eat cake instead of cookies,\u201d isn\u2019t testable because there aren\u2019t any unicorns to do the experiment with.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-how-to-write-a-hypothesis-beginning-and-ending\">How to Write a Hypothesis: Beginning and Ending<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>To write a solid hypothesis you need to understand the scientific method and the basic format of a hypothesis. A strong, testable hypothesis turns random ideas into scientific experiments. A well-written hypothesis is usually a single sentence. Let&#8217;s look at how to start and end a strong hypothesis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-how-to-begin-a-hypothesis\">How to Begin a Hypothesis<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The beginning of your hypothesis introduces the variables. Remember, the independent variable is the thing you change in your experiment and the dependent variable is the thing you measure.&nbsp; In the example, &#8220;Flowers watered with lemonade will grow faster than flowers watered with plain water,&#8221; water and lemonade are the independent variables and flowers\u2019 growth rate is the dependent variable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Many people choose to structure hypotheses as an if-then statement. For instance, \u201cIf you drink coffee before going to bed, then it will take you longer to fall asleep.\u201d If you are having trouble with the process of hypothesis writing, then you should try starting with an if-then statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-how-to-end-a-hypothesis\">How to End a Hypothesis<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The second section of a simple hypothesis statement is where you predict the relationship between the types of variables. Using our coffee example above, the second half of the sentence shows how we expect the amount of coffee to impact the time it takes to fall asleep.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When you write your prediction, remember to ask yourself, \u201cIs this hypothesis testable?\u201d You can predict that there is no relationship between your variables, that the independent variable will have an effect on the dependent variable, or you can make a specific guess about how the independent variable will affect the dependent variable. Bad hypotheses are not testable, because there is no way to prove or disprove your original idea.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-how-to-write-a-hypothesis-5-more-useful-tips\">How to Write a Hypothesis: 5 More Useful Tips<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/How-to-Write-a-Hypothesis-5-More-Useful-Tips.jpg\" alt=\"A person writing in a notebook with a light blue pen.\" class=\"wp-image-107148\"\/><figcaption><meta charset=\"utf-8\">A hypothesis, a key part of the scientific method, is a simple statement that describes the variables in your experiment and a prediction about their cause-and-effect relationship.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-conduct-preliminary-research\">Conduct preliminary research<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>To create a scientific hypothesis, you need to get background knowledge on your topic by reading previous studies, scientific experiments, and academic journals. You need to become a student of the sciences again. Be open-minded and explore research that supports and doesn\u2019t support your ideas. Learn about the experimental methods other people use, and find any knowledge gaps that you could fill with your research question.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-define-a-research-question\">Define a research question<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The first step in formulating a hypothesis is to brainstorm a research question. Use your <a href=\"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/writing-skills\/\">writing skills<\/a> to write a research question that\u2019s specific, clear, focused, and manageable. Make sure you have the resources to conduct whatever experiment you\u2019ll need to answer the question.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-formulate-a-hypothesis\">Formulate a hypothesis<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Use your new background knowledge to rewrite your research question as a testable statement. Remember to include an independent variable, a dependent variable, and predict how they are related. Use an if-then statement if you are having trouble.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-refine-your-hypothesis\">Refine your hypothesis<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The first draft of a hypothesis is rarely perfect. You\u2019ll need to edit and proofread to find and fix mistakes. Make sure your hypothesis is testable and has all the relevant variables. Try to get a peer or advisor to read your hypothesis and suggest changes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-create-a-null-and-alternative-hypothesis\">Create a null and alternative hypothesis<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A null hypothesis always states that there is no relationship between variables, while an alternative hypothesis states there is some kind of relationship between variables. You need to write both a null and alternative hypothesis for statistical analysis. An example of a null hypothesis from our coffee example is, \u201cIf you drink coffee before going to bed, it will have no impact on how long it takes to fall asleep.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-hypothesis-examples-to-help-you-write-a-hypothesis\">Hypothesis Examples to Help You Write a Hypothesis<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The best way to learn how to write a hypothesis is to read example hypotheses. Below are a couple of example hypotheses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-hypothesis-example-1-smoking-and-lung-cancer\">Hypothesis Example 1: Smoking and Lung Cancer<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A hypothesis explores the relationship between independent and dependent variables. Let\u2019s say we are interested in the relationship between smoking habits and lung cancer. Our independent variable is smoking habits and our dependent variable is lung cancer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Next, we have to use our hypothesis to make a prediction about the relationship between smoking habits and lung cancer. Based on background knowledge we might guess that daily smoking increases the risk of lung cancer. This is our alternative hypothesis. The null hypothesis requires us to predict that there is no relationship between the variables.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Our null hypothesis is, \u201cDaily smoking does not affect the risk of lung cancer.\u201d Our alternative hypothesis is, \u201cDaily smoking increases the risk of lung cancer.\u201d Both hypotheses have an independent and dependent variable, both are testable, and both predict a relationship between the two variables.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-hypothesis-example-2-vitamins-and-hair-growth-rate\">Hypothesis Example 2: Vitamins and Hair Growth Rate<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Say you work for a company that distributes vitamins. You think vitamins E and K help hair growth, but there is limited evidence about how these different vitamins impact hair growth. You decide to conduct a single experiment on how vitamins impact hair growth for scientific exploration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>You have a strong research question, \u201cDoes vitamin E or vitamin K make your hair grow faster?\u201d Now we need to turn that into an experimental hypothesis. Our independent variable is what vitamins to take and our dependent variable is the hair growth rate. This is a complex hypothesis because we are testing two vitamins, two independent variables.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The null hypothesis is, \u201cNeither vitamin E nor vitamin K impact hair growth rate.\u201d One possible alternative hypothesis is, \u201cBoth vitamins E and K increase hair growth rate.\u201d There are also a few other possible alternative hypotheses depending on what you think the relationship is between vitamin E and hair growth vs vitamin K and hair growth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-how-to-use-hypothesis-examples-to-write-your-own\">How to Use Hypothesis Examples to Write Your Own<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The hypothesis examples we\u2019ve discussed should give you a starting point for writing your own hypotheses. Use your <a href=\"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/research-skills\/\">research skills<\/a> to develop a research question and then use our tips to rewrite it into a testable hypothesis with a simple prediction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-how-to-write-a-hypothesis-faq\">How to Write a Hypothesis FAQ<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"schema-faq wp-block-yoast-faq-block\"><div class=\"schema-faq-section\" id=\"faq-question-1650334107951\"><strong class=\"schema-faq-question\">Is a hypothesis a question or a statement?<\/strong> <p class=\"schema-faq-answer\">A hypothesis is a statement that describes a research question and predicts a relationship between variables. The same information can be posed as a question, but a true hypothesis is written as a statement. Hypotheses are often written as if-then statements.<br\/><br\/><\/p> <\/div> <div class=\"schema-faq-section\" id=\"faq-question-1650334116664\"><strong class=\"schema-faq-question\">How do you write a null hypothesis?<\/strong> <p class=\"schema-faq-answer\">A null hypothesis is a type of hypothesis that predicts that there is no relationship between your variables. For instance, if your research question is, \u201cIs it important to integrate mental health education into schools?\u201d Your null hypothesis is, \u201cImplementation of mental health education in school <em>will not<\/em> affect students.<br\/><br\/><\/p> <\/div> <div class=\"schema-faq-section\" id=\"faq-question-1650334123029\"><strong class=\"schema-faq-question\">What does an alternative hypothesis look like?<\/strong> <p class=\"schema-faq-answer\">An alternative hypothesis means you expect that there is some relationship between variables. Let\u2019s use the research question, \u201cIs it important to integrate mental health education into schools?\u201d An alternative hypothesis to that would be \u201cImplementing mental health education in school programs <em>will<\/em> impact students.\u201d<br\/><br\/><\/p> <\/div> <div class=\"schema-faq-section\" id=\"faq-question-1650334131146\"><strong class=\"schema-faq-question\">What are the characteristics of a good hypothesis?<\/strong> <p class=\"schema-faq-answer\">A good hypothesis is a simple statement of a research question that is testable and must include a dependent variable, an independent variable, and a prediction of the relationship between the two variables. There are also specific types of hypotheses such as a directional hypothesis, a non-directional hypothesis, or an associative hypothesis.<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"In any industry, the ability to use observations and create a compelling hypothesis to solve a problem through research is very valuable. Scientists, data analysts, and medical professionals should all learn how to write a hypothesis to guide their research. A good hypothesis is a key part of using research methods that lead to impactful&hellip;","protected":false},"author":177,"featured_media":107147,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[50463],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-107146","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-resume"},"acf":{"post_sub_title":"","sprint_id":"March 14","query_class":"how-to-write-a-*subject","school_sft":"","parent_sft":"","school_privacy_policy":"","has_review":null,"is_sponser_post":"","is_guest_post":""},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.0 (Yoast SEO v27.0) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>How to Write a Hypothesis<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn about how to write a hypothesis to help you advance in your scientific career. This article will show you our top 5 tips to write a great hypothesis.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/how-to-write-a-hypothesis\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"How to Write a Hypothesis: Tips, Guidelines, and Hypothesis Examples\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Learn about how to write a hypothesis to help you advance in your scientific career. This article will show you our top 5 tips to write a great hypothesis.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/how-to-write-a-hypothesis\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Career Karma\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"http:\/\/facebook.com\/careerkarmaapp\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:author\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/onsomuelvis\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2022-04-19T02:10:30+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-04-19T02:10:32+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/How-to-Write-a-Hypothesis.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"800\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Elvis Gwaro\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:description\" content=\"To perform sound #ScientificResearch, you need a good #Hypothesis. Read our guide about how to write a hypothesis, with examples included, so you can improve your research and start your #CareerInScience today!\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@https:\/\/twitter.com\/elgwaro\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@career_karma\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Elvis Gwaro\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"8 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/how-to-write-a-hypothesis\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/how-to-write-a-hypothesis\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Elvis Gwaro\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/adcb937ff58b305769863c73085c0aa9\"},\"headline\":\"How to Write a Hypothesis: Tips, Guidelines, and Hypothesis Examples\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-04-19T02:10:30+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-04-19T02:10:32+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/how-to-write-a-hypothesis\/\"},\"wordCount\":1701,\"commentCount\":0,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/how-to-write-a-hypothesis\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/How-to-Write-a-Hypothesis.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Resume\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/how-to-write-a-hypothesis\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":[\"WebPage\",\"FAQPage\"],\"@id\":\"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/how-to-write-a-hypothesis\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/how-to-write-a-hypothesis\/\",\"name\":\"How to Write a Hypothesis\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/how-to-write-a-hypothesis\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/how-to-write-a-hypothesis\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/How-to-Write-a-Hypothesis.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-04-19T02:10:30+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-04-19T02:10:32+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/adcb937ff58b305769863c73085c0aa9\"},\"description\":\"Learn about how to write a hypothesis to help you advance in your scientific career. 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He holds a Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering from the Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology. He also has certificates in content marketing, digital marketing, and SEO fundamentals from HubSpot Academy, Google Digital Garage, and SEMrush Academy, respectively.\",\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/onsomuelvis\",\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/elgwaro\/\",\"https:\/\/x.com\/https:\/\/twitter.com\/elgwaro\/\"],\"url\":\"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/author\/elvis-gwaro\/\"},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/how-to-write-a-hypothesis\/#faq-question-1650334107951\",\"position\":1,\"url\":\"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/how-to-write-a-hypothesis\/#faq-question-1650334107951\",\"name\":\"Is a hypothesis a question or a statement?\",\"answerCount\":1,\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"A hypothesis is a statement that describes a research question and predicts a relationship between variables. The same information can be posed as a question, but a true hypothesis is written as a statement. Hypotheses are often written as if-then statements.<br\/><br\/>\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/how-to-write-a-hypothesis\/#faq-question-1650334116664\",\"position\":2,\"url\":\"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/how-to-write-a-hypothesis\/#faq-question-1650334116664\",\"name\":\"How do you write a null hypothesis?\",\"answerCount\":1,\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"A null hypothesis is a type of hypothesis that predicts that there is no relationship between your variables. For instance, if your research question is, \u201cIs it important to integrate mental health education into schools?\u201d Your null hypothesis is, \u201cImplementation of mental health education in school <em>will not<\/em> affect students.<br\/><br\/>\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/how-to-write-a-hypothesis\/#faq-question-1650334123029\",\"position\":3,\"url\":\"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/how-to-write-a-hypothesis\/#faq-question-1650334123029\",\"name\":\"What does an alternative hypothesis look like?\",\"answerCount\":1,\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"An alternative hypothesis means you expect that there is some relationship between variables. 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