{"id":12391,"date":"2020-02-23T12:17:17","date_gmt":"2020-02-23T20:17:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/?p=12391"},"modified":"2023-12-01T02:29:49","modified_gmt":"2023-12-01T10:29:49","slug":"sql-case","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/sql-case\/","title":{"rendered":"SQL Case"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

When you\u2019re working with a database, you may want to run an if\/then<\/code> operation in your query. For example, you may want to go through a list of employees and change their probation status if they have been working with you for over a year. Or you may want to go through a list of players on a leaderboard and mark them as a winner if they rank in the top three.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In order to run these operations in SQL<\/code>, you have to use the CASE<\/code> statement. The SQL CASE<\/code> statement allows you to run if\/then<\/code> operations, similar to how you can run if\/then<\/code> procedures in Microsoft Excel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this guide, we\u2019re going to break down the basics of the SQL CASE<\/code> statement, and discuss how you can use it in your queries. We\u2019ll also discuss how to use multiple SQL CASE<\/code> statements, and explore how CASE<\/code> can be used with aggregate functions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Query Refresher<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

To retrieve information from a database, you need to write a query. Queries almost always start with the SELECT<\/code> statement, which is used to tell the database which columns should be returned by the query. Queries also usually include a FROM<\/code> clause, which tells the database which table the operation will search.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here\u2019s the syntax for a query in SQL<\/code>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SELECT column_name FROM table_name WHERE conditions_are_met;<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
Let\u2019s use an example to illustrate this in action. Here is a query that will return the names of all employees in our employees<\/code> table: <\/p>\n\n\n\n
SELECT name FROM employees;<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
Our query returns the result: <\/p>\n\n\n\n
name<\/td><\/tr>
Luke
Mike
Hannah
Geoff
Alexis 
Emma
Jonah
Adam<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
(8 rows)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
If we wanted to retrieve multiple columns, we could do so by separating their names with a column. Or if we wanted to gather information about every column, we could use the asterisk (*<\/code>) operator, which represents all the columns in an SQL<\/code> table.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In addition, if we want to filter records based on a specific set of conditions, we can use the WHERE<\/code> clause. Here\u2019s an example of a query that finds the names of all employees who are based in the Albany branch of a company:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
SELECT name FROM employees WHERE branch = 'Albany';<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
Here is the result of our query:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
name<\/td><\/tr>
Emma
Jonah<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
(2 rows)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
These are all relatively simple queries. But what if we wanted to perform an if\/then<\/code> operation when we\u2019re running a query? That\u2019s where the SQL<\/code> CASE<\/code> statement can be helpful.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
SQL CASE<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
The CASE<\/code> statement can be used in SQL<\/code> to define if\/then<\/code> logic in our code. For example, if we wanted to give every employee a raise who has worked with our business for five or more years, we may want to use the CASE<\/code> statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Here\u2019s the syntax for the SQL CASE<\/code> statement:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
SELECT column1_name\n\tCASE WHEN column2_name = 'X' THEN 'Y'\n\t\tELSE NULL END AS column3_name\n\tFROM table_name;<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
There is a lot going on in this query, so let\u2019s use an example to illustrate how it works. Let\u2019s say that we want to give every employee with more than five employee of the month<\/code> awards a $200 raise. Here\u2019s an SQL<\/code> statement that could accomplish that goal:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
SELECT name,\n\tCASE WHEN employee_month_awards > 5 THEN 200\n\t\tELSE NULL END AS pending_raise\n\tFROM employees;<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
Our query returns the following from our searched case expression:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
name<\/td>pending_raise<\/td><\/tr>
Luke<\/td>
<\/td><\/tr>
Mike<\/td>
<\/td><\/tr>
Hannah<\/td>
<\/td><\/tr>
Geoff<\/td>
<\/td><\/tr>
Alexis<\/td>
<\/td><\/tr>
Emma<\/td>200<\/td><\/tr>
Jonah<\/td>
<\/td><\/tr>
Adam<\/td>200<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
(8 rows)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Let\u2019s break this down. The CASE<\/code> statement checks each record and evaluates whether the conditional statement, employee month awards > 5<\/code>, is true. If the conditional statement is true, the value 200<\/code> will be printed in the pending_raise<\/code> column. Where the conditional statement is false, a null value remains.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Finally, our query returns the list of employee names, as well as the pending raises of those employees.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
It\u2019s important to note that the SQL CASE<\/code> statement does not add a new column to our table. Rather, it creates a column in our SELECT<\/code> query output<\/em>, so that we can see who is eligible for a raise.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In addition, if we wanted everyone who was not eligible for a raise to be given a 0<\/code> pending raise, we could specify 0<\/code> instead of NULL<\/code> in our ELSE<\/code> statement. We could also use an ORDER BY<\/code> clause to order our statement if we wanted to see our data in a specific order.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
SQL CASE and Multiple Conditions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
The CASE<\/code> statement can be used multiple times in the same query. If we wanted to give every employee who has three or more awards a $50 raise, and everyone who has five or more awards a $200 raise, we could use the following statement:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
SELECT name,\n\tCASE WHEN employee_month_awards > 5 THEN 200\n\t\tWHEN employee_month_awards > 3 THEN 50\n\t\tELSE 0 END AS pending_raise\n\tFROM employees;<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
The output from our query is as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
name<\/td>pending_raise<\/td><\/tr>
Luke<\/td>50<\/td><\/tr>
Mike<\/td>0<\/td><\/tr>
Hannah<\/td>0<\/td><\/tr>
Geoff<\/td>0<\/td><\/tr>
Alexis<\/td>0<\/td><\/tr>
Emma<\/td>200<\/td><\/tr>
Jonah<\/td>50<\/td><\/tr>
Adam<\/td>200<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
(8 rows)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In our example, the CASE<\/code> statements will be evaluated in the order in which they are written. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
So, our query first checks for people who have more than five awards, and sets their pending raise to 200<\/code>. Then, our query checks for people who have more than three awards, and sets their pending raise to 50<\/code>. Finally, if an employee doesn\u2019t meet any of the criteria, their pending raise will be set to 0<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
However, this code could be more efficient. Instead of writing statements in a certain order so that our program works, we should write statements that do not overlap. Here\u2019s an example of a query that works in the same way as above, but uses AND<\/code> statements to check the number of awards an employee has earned:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
SELECT name,\n\tCASE WHEN employee_month_awards >= 3 AND employee_month_awards <= 5 THEN 50\n\t\tWHEN employee_month_awards > 5 THEN 200\n\t\tELSE 0 END AS pending_raise\n\tFROM employees;<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
Our query returns the same as our above query. However, this one doesn\u2019t depend on the order of CASE<\/code> statements, which means we are less likely to make a mistake with a misplaced statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
SQL CASE and Aggregate Functions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
You can also use CASE<\/code> with an aggregate function. This can be useful if you only want to count rows that meet a certain condition. For example, if you want to find out how many employees have earned a bonus of $200, you could use CASE<\/code> with an aggregate function.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Here\u2019s the syntax for using CASE<\/code> with an aggregate function:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
SELECT column1_name\n\tCASE WHEN column2_name = 'X' THEN 'Y'\n\t\tELSE NULL END AS column3_name,\n\t\tCOUNT(1) AS count\n\tFROM table_name\nGROUP BY column3_name;<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
Let\u2019s use an example to illustrate how this works. Let\u2019s say that we want to find out how many employees are eligible for a bonus of $50 or over. We could use the following query to get this information: <\/p>\n\n\n\n
SELECT \n\tCASE WHEN employee_month_awards >= 3 AND employee_month_awards <= 5 THEN 50\n\t\tWHEN employee_month_awards > 5 THEN 200\n\t\tELSE 0 END AS pending_raise,\n\t\tCOUNT(1) AS count\n\tFROM employees\nGROUP BY pending_raise;<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
Our query returns the following:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
pending_raise<\/td>count<\/td><\/tr>
50<\/td>3<\/td><\/tr>
0<\/td>3<\/td><\/tr>
200<\/td>2<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
<\/p>\n\n\n\n
As you can see, our query has returned a list of the pending raises earned by employees, as well as the number of each type of raise that employees are due. In this case, three employees are due a $50 raise, three employees are due no raise, and two employees are due a $200 raise.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
In this tutorial, we have broken down the basics of the SQL<\/code> server CASE<\/code> statement and discussed how it can be used to implement if\/then<\/code> logic in our queries. We also discussed how CASE<\/code> can be used with multiple conditions and aggregate functions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
As a reminder, every simple CASE<\/code> expression should follow these rules:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \n
  • The CASE<\/code> statement should be in the SELECT<\/code> clause;<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • The CASE<\/code> statement should include WHEN<\/code>, THEN<\/code>, and END<\/code> components;<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Multiple WHEN<\/code> statements and ELSE<\/code> clauses can be used optionally;<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Conditional statements, such as AND<\/code> or OR<\/code>, can be used in a CASE<\/code> query between the WHEN<\/code> and THEN<\/code> clauses.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
    Now you\u2019re equipped with the knowledge you need to use CASE<\/code> statements like an SQL<\/code> professional!<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"When you\u2019re working with a database, you may want to run an if\/then operation in your query. For example, you may want to go through a list of employees and change their probation status if they have been working with you for over a year. Or you may want to go through a list of…","protected":false},"author":240,"featured_media":12392,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[17284],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-12391","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-sql"},"acf":{"post_sub_title":"","sprint_id":"","query_class":"SQL","school_sft":"","parent_sft":"","school_privacy_policy":"","has_review":"","is_sponser_post":"","is_guest_post":""},"yoast_head":"\nSQL Case: an equivalation of if\/then operation in your query.<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn about how SQL case works and how you can use it in a query in this Career Karma guide.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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