{"id":17373,"date":"2021-01-10T23:36:36","date_gmt":"2021-01-11T07:36:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/?p=17373"},"modified":"2023-12-01T04:07:57","modified_gmt":"2023-12-01T12:07:57","slug":"sql-alter-table","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/sql-alter-table\/","title":{"rendered":"SQL ALTER TABLE: A Guide"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><em>The SQL ALTER TABLE statement adds, changes, or removes a column in a table. This statement lets you modify a table after it has been created, even if the table stores records.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>You may decide that you need to make a change to an SQL table. For instance, you may want to rename a column or add a new column to the table. These changes are all possible with the SQL ALTER TABLE command.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">SQL ALTER TABLE<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The ALTER TABLE command allows you to change an existing table by:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Adding a column.<\/li><li>Adding a constraint.<\/li><li>Removing a column.<\/li><li>Changing a data type.<\/li><li>Renaming a column.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>This tutorial will discuss, with reference to examples, how to alter a table using the SQL ALTER TABLE command.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Setting Up a Table<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>For this tutorial, we are going to modify a database table for a business. This database stores information about each employee who works for the business. Our table is called \u201c<strong>employees<\/strong>\u201d and contains the following values:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>After creating our table, we have realized that we want to alter its structure. We could do so by using the SQL ALTER TABLE command.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To learn how to create a table, check out our <a href=\"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/sql-create-table\/\">SQL CREATE TABLE guide<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">SQL ALTER TABLE: Add a Column to a Table<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>You can add a column to an SQL table using the ALTER TABLE command. The syntax for adding a new column into an existing table is as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-codemirror-blocks-code-block code-block\"><pre>ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name data_type constraints;<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Suppose that we want to add a new column into our \u201cemployees\u201d table which stores the phone number of every employee. This column should be called \u201cphone_number\u201d. The column should use the <em>VARCHAR()<\/em> data type\u2014which allows us to store strings with a maximum length\u2014and have no constraints.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We could create this column using the following statement:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-codemirror-blocks-code-block code-block\"><pre>ALTER TABLE employees ADD phone_number VARCHAR(60);<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>This command adds a new column to our a table in an &#8220;employees&#8221; database. Now, when we look at the structure of our database, we have one new column called \u201cphone_number\u201d:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<table class=\"wp-block-table course-info-table\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Field<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Type<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Default<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>name<\/td><td>varchar(60)<\/td><td>NULL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>title<\/td><td>varchar(60)<\/td><td>NULL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>department<\/td><td>varchar(60)<\/td><td>NULL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>employee_number<\/td><td>varchar(60)<\/td><td>NULL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>phone_number<\/td><td>varchar(60)<\/td><td><br><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n\n\n\n<p>If you\u2019re interested in learning more about how to add a column to a database in SQL, check out our <a href=\"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/sql-add-column\">SQL add column guide<\/a>.\n\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">SQL ALTER TABLE: Add a Constraint to a Table<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In the last section, we added a new column to our table: phone_number. But, we forgot to add in any constraints to the table.\n\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In this example, this means that our database could potentially store the same phone number for multiple employees, which is not practical.\n\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To fix this, we could add a UNIQUE constraint to the \u201cphone_number\u201d column in our table. The syntax for adding a constraint to a column in SQL is as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-codemirror-blocks-code-block code-block\"><pre>ALTER TABLE table_name ADD UNIQUE (column_name);<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>This command adds a constraint to our \u201cphone_number\u201d column:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-codemirror-blocks-code-block code-block\"><pre>ALTER TABLE employees ADD UNIQUE (phone_number);<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>If we wanted to add another constraint, we could do so by replacing \u201cUNIQUE\u201d with another <a href=\"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/sql-constraints\/\">SQL constraint<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">SQL ALTER TABLE: Remove a Column from a Table<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>You can also use the ALTER TABLE command to remove a column from a table. The syntax for performing this operation is as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-codemirror-blocks-code-block code-block\"><pre>ALTER TABLE table_name DROP COLUMN column_name;<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Suppose we want to remove the column \u201cdepartment\u201d from our table. We intend to create a new column later on that links an employee\u2019s department to another table. We can remove this column using the following command:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-codemirror-blocks-code-block code-block\"><pre>ALTER TABLE employees DROP COLUMN department;<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Upon executing this command, the \u201cdepartment\u201d column from our table is dropped. So, the structure for our table now appears as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<table class=\"wp-block-table course-info-table\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Field<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Type<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Default<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>name<\/td><td>varchar(60)<\/td><td>NULL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>title<\/td><td>varchar(60)<\/td><td>NULL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>employee_number<\/td><td>varchar(60)<\/td><td>NULL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>phone_number<\/td><td>varchar(60)<\/td><td><br><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">SQL ALTER TABLE: Change Data Type of a Column<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>You can use the ALTER TABLE command to change the data type of a column. The syntax for changing the data type of a column is:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-codemirror-blocks-code-block code-block\"><pre>ALTER TABLE table_name ALTER COLUMN column_name new_data_type;<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>This command has two alternate versions for MySQL and Oracle (pre-10G), and for Oracle 10G and later. These are: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-codemirror-blocks-code-block code-block\"><pre>ALTER TABLE table_name MODIFY COLUMN column_name new_data_type; (MySQL, Oracle pre-10G)\nALTER TABLE table_name MODIFY column_name new_data_type; (Oracle 10G+ and later)<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>When we created our initial \u201cemployees\u201d table, we made the mistake of assigning our \u201cemployee_number\u201d field to be a <em>VARCHAR()<\/em> instead of a number. To rectify this mistake, we could use the following command:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-codemirror-blocks-code-block code-block\"><pre>ALTER TABLE employees ALTER COLUMN employee_number INT;<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>This command changes the type of our \u201cemployee_number\u201d column to INT. So, the new structure for our database is as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<table class=\"wp-block-table course-info-table\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Field<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Type<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Default<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>name<\/td><td>varchar(60)<\/td><td>NULL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>title<\/td><td>varchar(60)<\/td><td>NULL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>employee_number<\/td><td>varchar(60)<\/td><td>NULL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>phone_number<\/td><td>int<\/td><td><br><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">SQL ALTER TABLE: Rename a Table<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The ALTER TABLE command also allows you to rename an SQL table. The syntax for renaming a table is:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-codemirror-blocks-code-block code-block\"><pre>ALTER TABLE current_table RENAME new_table;<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Suppose we want to rename our table \u201cemployees\u201d to \u201cold_employees_2019\u201d. We could do so using this command:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-codemirror-blocks-code-block code-block\"><pre>ALTER TABLE employees RENAME old_employees_2019;<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>You cannot rename a table using the ALTER TABLE command in MySQL. In MySQL, instead of using ALTER TABLE, you can use the RENAME table command.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p> We would use the following command to rename our table in MySQL:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-codemirror-blocks-code-block code-block\"><pre>RENAME TABLE employees TO old_employees_2019;<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The SQL ALTER TABLE command allows you to change the structure of a table in SQL. You can add a table to, remove a table from, or change a table in a database. Further, you can modify the contraints associated with a table, such as UNIQUE or NOT NULL.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Do you want to learn more about SQL? Read our <a href=\"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/learn-sql\/\">How to Learn SQL guide<\/a>. You&#8217;ll find top tips on how to learn SQL. You will also find a list of expert-curated learning resources to help you build your knowledge.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"The SQL ALTER TABLE statement adds, changes, or removes a column in a table. This statement lets you modify a table after it has been created, even if the table stores records. You may decide that you need to make a change to an SQL table. For instance, you may want to rename a column&hellip;","protected":false},"author":240,"featured_media":17375,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[17284],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-17373","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-sql"},"acf":{"post_sub_title":"","sprint_id":"","query_class":"SQL","school_sft":"","parent_sft":"","school_privacy_policy":"","has_review":null,"is_sponser_post":"","is_guest_post":""},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.0 (Yoast SEO v27.0) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>SQL ALTER TABLE: A Guide: A Complete Guide | Career Karma<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The SQL ALTER TABLE command allows you to add, delete, or modify the columns in an existing table. 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