{"id":19653,"date":"2020-07-16T19:55:06","date_gmt":"2020-07-17T02:55:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/?p=19653"},"modified":"2023-12-01T03:55:25","modified_gmt":"2023-12-01T11:55:25","slug":"linux-cat-command","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/linux-cat-command\/","title":{"rendered":"How to Use the Linux Cat Command"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>The cat command in Linux is not as cute as a real cat, but it plays a key role in Linux.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The cat command allows you to view the contents of a text file from a Linux command line. In this guide, we\u2019re going to talk about what the cat command is, how it works, and how you can use it to create, read, and modify files. Let\u2019s get started!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Creating a File Using the Cat Command<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>We\u2019re going to need a few files to read before we can use the cat command. Let\u2019s create two files: one called <code>non_berries.txt <\/code>and one called <code>berries.txt<\/code>.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We can create a file using the cat command like this:<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-codemirror-blocks-code-block code-block\"><pre>cat &gt; non_berries.txt\ncat &gt; berries.txt\n<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>These commands create the files we need for our example.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The cat command prints out an empty response when used alone, and if we use the arrow sign, we can use it to populate a file with no contents. If you use these commands on a file that already exists, the file you have selected will be overwritten.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If you use two arrow signs (&gt;&gt;), cat will add text to the end of a file. We\u2019ll discuss that later in this tutorial. These operators are called \u201credirection operators\u201d. They transfer the contents of one file to another file, or the contents of a standard input to a standard output.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Now, let\u2019s open up our files and add some text. In the <code>non_berries.txt <\/code>file, we will add:<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Banana<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Apple<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pear<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Open up the <code>berries.txt<\/code> file and add the following text:<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Strawberry<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Raspberry<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Gooseberry<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We now have two files that we can work with for the rest of this tutorial. To summarize, you can use the <code>cat > file.txt<\/code> command to create a new file.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Reading Files Using Cat<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Let\u2019s take a look at the files we have created. To do so, we can use the cat command:<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><code>cat non_berries.txt<br><\/code><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This command reads the contents of the <code>non_berries.txt <\/code>file and prints them to the console:<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Banana<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Apple<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pear<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We can get even fancier with the cat command. Suppose we want to see line numbers alongside our file. We could do so by adding the -n flag to our command:<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><code>cat -n non_berries.txt<br><\/code><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The command displays the contents of the file alongside line numbers:<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;\t1&nbsp; &nbsp; Banana<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;\t2&nbsp; &nbsp; Apple<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;\t3&nbsp; &nbsp; Pear<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>You can see that there are three lines in our list. This is useful if you\u2019re working with a long file and you want to see how many lines of text are in that file. It\u2019s also useful if you want to work with a specific line inside a file. You would need to know the number of the line you want to change before you amend that specific line.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Redirecting the Contents of a File<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The cat command can combine files, or concatenate them. That\u2019s how the cat command got its name: cat is short for concatenation. Pawsome!<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Our non_berries.txt file contains a list of non-berry fruits; berries.txt contains a list of berries. We could print out both of these files to the console using this command:<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><code>cat non_berries.txt berries.txt<br><\/code><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This command returns:<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Banana<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Apple<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pear<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Strawberry<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Raspberry<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Gooseberry<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Our first file, <code>non_berries.txt<\/code>, is printed first, followed by the second file. You can specify as many file names as you want when you are using the cat command.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We can use a similar syntax to concatenate, or combine, our files. Let\u2019s say that we want to create a new file called fruits.txt with the items from both lists. We could do so by using the &gt; operator or the &gt; operator and the cat command:<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><code>cat non_berries.txt berries.txt > fruits.txt<br><\/code><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If we open up our fruits.txt file, we will see a list of all the fruits from both our lists:<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Banana<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Apple<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pear<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Strawberry<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Raspberry<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Gooseberry<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The > arrow creates a new file called fruits.txt and appends the contents of <code>non_berries.txt<\/code> and <code>berries.txt<\/code> to the file. If we used the >> arrow, the contents of <code>non_berries.txt<\/code> and <code>berries.txt<\/code> would be added to the end of any existing content in fruits.txt, if the file existed.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>You can concatenate more than two files. It\u2019s up to you. All you need to do is specify the names of the files you want to merge on the left hand side of the arrow, and the name of the file in which the merged contents should appear on the right side of the arrow (the destination file):<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><code>cat file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt > final_file.txt<\/code><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Removing Empty Lines Using Cat<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Do you have a file with a lot of empty lines which content you want to view? Cat has you covered. The cat command allows you to see a file without all the empty lines that are present.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Let\u2019s change the contents of berries.txt:<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Strawberry<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Raspberry<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Gooseberry<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There are two new lines in this file. If we use the cat command to print out the contents of the file, we\u2019ll see those new lines. This is fine because it allows us to see exactly what is stored in our file. For practical purposes, we may want to remove new lines. That&#8217;s where the -s flag comes in handy:<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><code>cat -s berries.txt<br><\/code><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The cat command displays:<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Strawberry<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Raspberry<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Gooseberry<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The -s flag suppresses repeated empty lines in your text editor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The cat command allows you to view the contents of a file from the Linux operating system command line. It can be used to view existing files, create a new file, or concatenate files.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Now you\u2019re ready to start working with the cat command like a Linux professional!<br><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"The cat command in Linux is not as cute as a real cat, but it plays a key role in Linux. The cat command allows you to view the contents of a text file from a Linux command line. In this guide, we\u2019re going to talk about what the cat command is, how it works,&hellip;","protected":false},"author":240,"featured_media":18526,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[18070],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-19653","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-software-engineering-skills"},"acf":{"post_sub_title":"","sprint_id":"","query_class":"how to use {tool}","school_sft":"","parent_sft":"","school_privacy_policy":"","has_review":null,"is_sponser_post":[],"is_guest_post":[]},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.4 (Yoast SEO v27.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Linux Cat Command: A Guide | Career Karma<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The cat command allows you to create files, view the contents of a file, and concatenate files. On Career Karma, learn how to use the cat command.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/linux-cat-command\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"How to Use the Linux Cat Command\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The cat command allows you to create files, view the contents of a file, and concatenate files. On Career Karma, learn how to use the cat command.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/linux-cat-command\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Career Karma\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"http:\/\/facebook.com\/careerkarmaapp\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2020-07-17T02:55:06+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-12-01T11:55:25+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/zan-0WzeC6JtbHU-unsplash.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1020\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"680\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"James Gallagher\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@career_karma\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@career_karma\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"James Gallagher\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/careerkarma.com\\\/blog\\\/linux-cat-command\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/careerkarma.com\\\/blog\\\/linux-cat-command\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"James Gallagher\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/careerkarma.com\\\/blog\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/e79364792443fbff794a144c67ec8e94\"},\"headline\":\"How to Use the Linux Cat Command\",\"datePublished\":\"2020-07-17T02:55:06+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-12-01T11:55:25+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/careerkarma.com\\\/blog\\\/linux-cat-command\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":925,\"commentCount\":0,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/careerkarma.com\\\/blog\\\/linux-cat-command\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/careerkarma.com\\\/blog\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2020\\\/06\\\/zan-0WzeC6JtbHU-unsplash.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Software Engineering\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/careerkarma.com\\\/blog\\\/linux-cat-command\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/careerkarma.com\\\/blog\\\/linux-cat-command\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/careerkarma.com\\\/blog\\\/linux-cat-command\\\/\",\"name\":\"Linux Cat Command: A Guide | Career Karma\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/careerkarma.com\\\/blog\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/careerkarma.com\\\/blog\\\/linux-cat-command\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/careerkarma.com\\\/blog\\\/linux-cat-command\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/careerkarma.com\\\/blog\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2020\\\/06\\\/zan-0WzeC6JtbHU-unsplash.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2020-07-17T02:55:06+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-12-01T11:55:25+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/careerkarma.com\\\/blog\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/e79364792443fbff794a144c67ec8e94\"},\"description\":\"The cat command allows you to create files, view the contents of a file, and concatenate files. On Career Karma, learn how to use the cat command.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/careerkarma.com\\\/blog\\\/linux-cat-command\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/careerkarma.com\\\/blog\\\/linux-cat-command\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/careerkarma.com\\\/blog\\\/linux-cat-command\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/careerkarma.com\\\/blog\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2020\\\/06\\\/zan-0WzeC6JtbHU-unsplash.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/careerkarma.com\\\/blog\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2020\\\/06\\\/zan-0WzeC6JtbHU-unsplash.jpg\",\"width\":1020,\"height\":680},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/careerkarma.com\\\/blog\\\/linux-cat-command\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Blog\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/careerkarma.com\\\/blog\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Coding\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/careerkarma.com\\\/blog\\\/code\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"How to Use the Linux Cat Command\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/careerkarma.com\\\/blog\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/careerkarma.com\\\/blog\\\/\",\"name\":\"Career Karma\",\"description\":\"Latest Coding Bootcamp News &amp; Career Hacks from Industry Insiders\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/careerkarma.com\\\/blog\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/careerkarma.com\\\/blog\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/e79364792443fbff794a144c67ec8e94\",\"name\":\"James Gallagher\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/careerkarma.com\\\/blog\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2020\\\/01\\\/james-gallagher-150x150.jpg\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/careerkarma.com\\\/blog\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2020\\\/01\\\/james-gallagher-150x150.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/careerkarma.com\\\/blog\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2020\\\/01\\\/james-gallagher-150x150.jpg\",\"caption\":\"James Gallagher\"},\"description\":\"James Gallagher is a self-taught programmer and the technical content manager at Career Karma. He has experience in range of programming languages and extensive expertise in Python, HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. James has written hundreds of programming tutorials, and he frequently contributes to publications like Codecademy, Treehouse, Repl.it, Afrotech, and others.\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/careerkarma.com\\\/blog\\\/author\\\/jamesgallagher\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Linux Cat Command: A Guide | Career Karma","description":"The cat command allows you to create files, view the contents of a file, and concatenate files. On Career Karma, learn how to use the cat command.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/linux-cat-command\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"How to Use the Linux Cat Command","og_description":"The cat command allows you to create files, view the contents of a file, and concatenate files. On Career Karma, learn how to use the cat command.","og_url":"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/linux-cat-command\/","og_site_name":"Career Karma","article_publisher":"http:\/\/facebook.com\/careerkarmaapp","article_published_time":"2020-07-17T02:55:06+00:00","article_modified_time":"2023-12-01T11:55:25+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1020,"height":680,"url":"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/zan-0WzeC6JtbHU-unsplash.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"James Gallagher","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@career_karma","twitter_site":"@career_karma","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"James Gallagher","Est. reading time":"5 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/linux-cat-command\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/linux-cat-command\/"},"author":{"name":"James Gallagher","@id":"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/e79364792443fbff794a144c67ec8e94"},"headline":"How to Use the Linux Cat Command","datePublished":"2020-07-17T02:55:06+00:00","dateModified":"2023-12-01T11:55:25+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/linux-cat-command\/"},"wordCount":925,"commentCount":0,"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/linux-cat-command\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/zan-0WzeC6JtbHU-unsplash.jpg","articleSection":["Software Engineering"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/linux-cat-command\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/linux-cat-command\/","url":"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/linux-cat-command\/","name":"Linux Cat Command: A Guide | Career Karma","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/linux-cat-command\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/linux-cat-command\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/zan-0WzeC6JtbHU-unsplash.jpg","datePublished":"2020-07-17T02:55:06+00:00","dateModified":"2023-12-01T11:55:25+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/e79364792443fbff794a144c67ec8e94"},"description":"The cat command allows you to create files, view the contents of a file, and concatenate files. On Career Karma, learn how to use the cat command.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/linux-cat-command\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/linux-cat-command\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/linux-cat-command\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/zan-0WzeC6JtbHU-unsplash.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/zan-0WzeC6JtbHU-unsplash.jpg","width":1020,"height":680},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/linux-cat-command\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Blog","item":"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Coding","item":"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/code\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"How to Use the Linux Cat Command"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/#website","url":"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/","name":"Career Karma","description":"Latest Coding Bootcamp News &amp; Career Hacks from Industry Insiders","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/e79364792443fbff794a144c67ec8e94","name":"James Gallagher","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/james-gallagher-150x150.jpg","url":"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/james-gallagher-150x150.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/james-gallagher-150x150.jpg","caption":"James Gallagher"},"description":"James Gallagher is a self-taught programmer and the technical content manager at Career Karma. He has experience in range of programming languages and extensive expertise in Python, HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. James has written hundreds of programming tutorials, and he frequently contributes to publications like Codecademy, Treehouse, Repl.it, Afrotech, and others.","url":"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/author\/jamesgallagher\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19653","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/240"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=19653"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19653\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/18526"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=19653"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=19653"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/careerkarma.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=19653"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}